The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is precipitated as a result of an infection by a singular single stranded enveloped RNA virus, extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 has claimed many lives across the globe, and a promising answer to finish this pandemic continues to be awaited. Until date neither a precise antiviral drug nor a vaccine is out there available in the market for public use to remedy or management this pandemic. Repurposed medicine and supportive measures are the one accessible remedy choices.
This systematic assessment focuses on completely different remedy methods primarily based on numerous medical research. The assessment discusses all the present remedy plans and possible future methods obtained because of a scientific search in PubMed and Science Direct database. All of the attainable choices for the remedy in addition to prophylaxis of COVID-19 are mentioned. Aside from this, the article offers particulars on the medical trials associated to COVID-19, that are registered beneath ClinicalTrials.gov. Potential of medication primarily based on the earlier researches on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Ebola, influenza, and so on. which fall beneath the identical class of coronavirus are additionally emphasised. Data on cell-based and immunology-based approaches can also be offered. As well as, miscellaneous therapeutic approaches and adjunctive therapies are mentioned. The drug repurposing choices, as evidenced from numerous in vitro and in silico fashions, are additionally coated together with the attainable future options to this pandemic.
Over the previous 15 years, investigators have reported on the utility and security of cardiac glycosides for quite a few well being advantages together with these as remedies for malignant illness, stroke-mediated ischemic harm and sure neurodegenerative ailments. Along with these, there’s a rising physique of proof for novel antiviral results of chosen cardiac glycoside molecules. One distinctive cardiac glycoside, oleandrin derived from Nerium oleander, has been reported to have antiviral exercise particularly in opposition to ‘enveloped’ viruses together with HIV and HTLV-1. Importantly, a current publication has introduced in vitro proof for oleandrin’s capacity to inhibit manufacturing of infectious virus particles when used for remedy previous to, in addition to after an infection by SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. This assessment will spotlight the recognized in vitro antiviral results of oleandrin in addition to current beforehand unpublished results of this novel cardiac glycoside in opposition to Ebola virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex viruses.
Pyronaridine: An replace of its pharmacological actions and mechanisms of motion
Pyronaridine (PYR) is an erythrocytic schizonticide with a potent antimalarial exercise in opposition to multidrug-resistant Plasmodium. The drug is utilized in mixture with artesunate for the remedy of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, in adults and youngsters. The current assessment briefly retraces the invention of PYR and up to date antimalarial research which has led to the approval of PYR/artesunate mixture (Pyramax) by the European Medicines Company to deal with uncomplicated malaria worldwide.
PYR additionally presents a marked antitumor exercise and has revealed efficacy for the remedy of different parasitic ailments (notably Babesia and Trypanosoma infections) and to mitigate the Ebola virus propagation. On the one hand, PYR features has an inhibitor of hemozoin (biomineral malaria pigment, by-product of hemoglobin digestion) formation, blocking the biopolymerization of β-hematin and thus facilitating the buildup of poisonous hematin into the digestive vacuole of the parasite. However, PYR is a bona fide DNA-intercalating agent and an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase 2, resulting in DNA damages and cell loss of life. Inhibition of hematin polymerization represents the prime mechanism on the origin of the antimalarial exercise, whereas anticancer results depends basically on the interference with DNA metabolism, as with structurally associated anticancer medicine like amsacrine and quinacrine.
As well as, current research level to an immune modulatory exercise of PYR and the implication of a mitochondrial oxidative pathway. An analogy with the mechanism of motion of artemisinin medicine is underlined. In short, the organic actions of pyronaridine are recapitulated to make clear the varied well being advantages of this unsung drug.
Combating the Pandemic COVID-19: Clinical Trials, Therapies and Perspectives
COVID-19, host response remedy, and the necessity for political management
Well being officers and scientists have warned that we face the specter of a doubtlessly devastating influenza pandemic. As an alternative, we at the moment are within the midst of a world coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Nationwide and worldwide pandemic preparedness plans have targeted on creating vaccines and antiviral remedies. One other approach to confront the COVID-19 pandemic (and future pandemics) may be to deal with sufferers with cheap and broadly accessible generic medicine that focus on the host response to an infection, not the virus itself.
The feasibility of this concept was examined through the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014. This expertise ought to inform our method to treating COVID-19 sufferers. It may additionally save lives throughout outbreaks of different rising infectious ailments and episodes of on a regular basis acute vital sickness. If this “backside up” syndromic method to treating acute vital sickness had been proven to be efficient, it may have a dramatic affect on well being, fairness and safety all through the world.
HIGHLIGHTS: Uncertainty in regards to the consequence of COVID-19 is driving the social, financial and political misery related to the pandemic. Treating the host response to COVID-19 with cheap and broadly accessible generic medicine may save lives and mitigate this misery. Enterprise analysis on this concept would require political management.
